Coronavirosi: analisi dei principali coronavirus d’interesse veterinario ed umano in un’ottica one health

Abstract

The family Coronaviridae includes it the subfamily Coronavdisease of cattirinae which is divided in four different genera: Alphacoronavirus, Betacoronavirus, Gammacoronavirus and Deltacoronavirus. Belonging to the same family, they have some very similar characteristics in terms of: organization of the genome, replication and pathogenetic mechanism. There are differences in interaction with receptors, tropism and clinical forms in different hosts. The infectious bronchitis virus is capable of affecting chicken and pheasant and its worldwide distribution makes it one of the most important pathogens especially in laying hen farms. The Bovine coronavirus, causing enteric or respiratory form, assumes different importance depending on the phase of the animal that we consider, certainly more important in the first days of life inducing neonatal enteritis. The respiratory form is part of the complex of respiratory le as a cofactor with other viruses and bacteria. Historically, the transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), from which the porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCoV) originated, is recognized in swine. Subsequently the main virus of the family bringing damage to the world pig farming has been the Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus (PEDV); lately particular attention has been paid to the Porcine Deltacoronavirus, due to its high promiscuity. The feline infectious peritonitis virus is responsible for a systemic form in cats with a lethal outcome many times, so it represents a serious problem in feline colonies. In human coronaviruses, in addition to the historical coronaviruses recognized as the cause of "common cold", in recent years have spread viruses with zoonotic potential as the SARS virus, MERS and finally the SARS-CoV-2. The study of their origin, intermediate hosts and susceptible species to these "new coronaviruses" will provide fundamental information to counteract the chain of virus transmission.